Redwall Book Report Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Redwall is about a young mouse named Matthias. He lived in an abbey called Redwall. Redwall was a nice, peaceful place until a rat called Cluny the Scourge came with his horde and tried to take it over. The night before the citizens of Redwall knew that Cluny was coming, Matthias and Brother Alf had caught a giant fish that was big enough to feed all of the animals inside of Redwall so they had a big feast. When Matthias and Constance the badger were taking some of the animals who lived outside of the abbey home, they saw Cluny and his horde rolling past in a hay cart so they went back to the abbey to warn everyone. Cluny took one of the empty houses to use as his camp site until he took over the abbey. The Abbot agreed to meet with Cluny to see what he wanted but Cluny wanted Redwall to use as his fortress. Cluny said that the citizens of Redwall could surrender or die. The Abbot Refused to surrender and Cluny left to think of a way to capture the abbey. On his way out of the abbey, Cluny saw a tapestry of Martin the warrior. Cluny had a nightmare about Martin that night which made Cluny scared. Cluny had one of his men called Shadow try to sneak in to Redwall and try and steal the tapestry. Shadow is a half ferret, half rat and is completely black. Shadow snuck in without any problem but Matthias got in the way and ended up pushing Shadow off of the abbey wall. Cluny was waiting at the bottom and he got the tapestry of Martin and left Shadow to die. Matthias snuck out to steal the tapestry back from Cluny. On his way he met Basil the rabbit. Basil told Matthias he would help Matthias get the Tapestry back. Matthias snuck past the guards and Basil ran around the guards to get them away from the tents. Matthias heard someone calling for help in one of the tents so he went to find out who it was. It was the vole family. They had been missing since Cluny came. Matthias had to help them escape instead of finding the tapestry. While Matthias was out attempting to get the tapestry back, Cluny had launched his first attack against Redwall. Cluny’s horde tried attacking the abbey by slinging rocks at the mice on the wall and shooting arrows at them. The rats were losing horribly so Cluny came up with another plan. He had some of his army climb up a tree that was high enough for them to get up onto the wall. The oldest mouse in Redw... ...giving out meals to the soldiers on the wall, she saw the siege tower pop out of the forest right next to the wall. She was surprised and accidentally threw her lamp onto to the tower which sent it up into flames. All the rats ran back to their camp. Cluny had captured a family of field mice and sent the father in to unlock the abbey’s gates. If he refused, Cluny would kill his family. The guards let him in and later during the night, the father field mouse unlocked the gate. All of Cluny’s horde snuck into Redwall and tied everyone up. Just as Cluny was going to kill the Abbot, Matthias came back with one thousand sparrow warriors and five hundred of the Guerrilla Union of Shrews. Matthias fought with Cluny and ended up cutting the abbey’s big bell and it fell on Cluny. The sparrows and the Guerrilla Union of Shrews had more than enough animals to defeat the rats. Cluny had mortally wounded Abbot Mortimor and he was dying. Before he died he said that Brother Alf would become the next Abbot, Matthias would become the champion of Redwall and Matthias would marry Cornflower. All of those things happened and Matthias and Cornflower had a baby named Mattimeo. Kevin Frasier 4/17/05

Transportation Management

In the past, transportation management was a tactical concern – a necessary cost of conducting business, which does not have much impact on profit margins. Today, rising fuel prices and increased pressures for improved service have made transportation management a strategic issue. Companies have to meet and exceed customer expections if they are to be the preferred service and goods provider. A transportation management system (TMS) is an end- to -end software solution that is a part of supply chain management concerning transportation operations. It includes planning and optimization, execution, business intelligence, and freight payment.In addition, it also supports additional services, such as bid optimization, network modeling, yard management, benchmarking, and dock scheduling. Inbound and outbound networks too are supported on a global basis, typically helping companies to move freight from origin to destination cost effectively. In this essay, I will be using Sargento F oods as a case study. The focus of the essay will be on analysing the existing TMS solution adopted by the firm, identifying their areas of weaknesses and recommending strategies that will help to improve the transportation system to better suit the evolving needs of Sargento Foods.Background information Sargento Foods Inc. is a family-owned business, employing approximately 1,300 people at four Wisconsin facilities, one in Washington, and one in South Dakota. They are one of the largest converters of cheese in the United States, offering a variety of cheese products marketed through four business divisions: Consumer Products Division, Food Service Division, Food Ingredients Division and Culinary Solutions. Inadequacies of its existing system before the switch to Sterling TMS: Sargento was managing their distribution and logistics with a hosted TMS solution which was not able to meet their operational requirements.When Sargento Foods planned orders into shipments, the previous solut ion did not consider the cost, service or contractual commitments to carriers. It was not able to accurately allocate transportation costs at the order level. For example, accessorial costs were not being allocated. Recognizing the limitations of their current system, Sargento realised the need for a solution that would meet their current operational needs, as well as any changes they may face in the future. Solution adopted by Sargento FoodsSargento and identified IBM to be their provider and went live with Sterling Transportation Management System (Sterling TMS) in 2006, delivered on cloud, integrating with 30 carriers, shipping approximately 3,000 orders per month, and transporting 24 million pounds of Sargento products on average per month. Sterling TMS works with Sargento’s existing supply chain applications as well as IBM ® Sterling Information Broker ®, allowing them to improve logistics efficiency and customer satisfaction.Customers are placing orders via EDI, whi ch are then fed into Sargento’s SAP ERP system. SAP feeds inbound purchase orders to Sterling TMS as well as Sargento’s Warehouse Management System. Sargento uses Sterling TMS for shipment planning, execution and freight payment. They are now able to track the performance of their carriers, allowing them to identify areas where they can eliminate costs. They are also utilizing the system for visibility purposes and can now accurately allocate transportation costs to their customers.With Sterling TMS they can clearly identify where their shipments are throughout the process and confirm the right rates for the right shipments. They are also using freight payment on the back end after the shipment is completed. Key benefits: As Sterling TMS system is delivered on cloud, this results in fewer IT resource requirements, no upgrade costs, configuration instead of installation, faster and easier connectivity, and lower total cost of ownership using a system that spans the enti re process of Planning, Execution, settlement and Performance analysis.On time delivery Sargento Food’s on time delivery has always been 99%. With the implementation of Sterling TMS, on time delivery has improved. Lower cost with the implementation of Sterling TMS, Sargento has been able to lower the cost of product shipped per pound by 15 percent. through more efficient planning, clear identification of carrier costs and formalized contracts within Sterling TMS. 60 percent administrative cost savings by automating freight payment Sargento improved operational efficiencies by eliminating manual processes and non-value added services.In the past, if a carrier charged Sargento an incorrect transportation cost, Sargento did not have the visibility to correct these charges prior to being invoiced for them. Sargento would calculate the rates, but were often invoiced using a different rate. As a result, Sargento had a difficult time reconciling payments. Since the implementation of Sterling TMS, each carrier has a contract in the Contract Management Module of the system where their rates are locked and paid accordingly with no discrepancies.Not only has the system helped Sargento manage costs, the automation has reduced the manpower required to reconcile payments from 15 hours per week to six hours per week resulting in a 60 percent reduction in administrative costs for freight payment. Improved allocation of costs Accruals are done as soon as the product is loaded at the distribution center. The billing information is fed to the finance department and the accrual of transportation costs is done in real-time. Accessorials that occur during delivery are captured as part of the invoicing process and are also allocated down to the order level.This helps to ensure the real cost of freight is captured for each customer. With Sterling TMS they are now able to evaluate charges during the year to better determine what the customer charges should be the following year , taking in to account the back end fees that each customer was accumulating. This allows Sargento to accurately allocate costs back to their customers and helps ensure Sargento remains profitable. Reduced LTL shipments by 60 percent Prior to the implementation of IBM Sterling TMS, Sargento was doing 10 percent of their shipments via Less than TruckLoad (LTL).With the visibility provided by IBM Sterling TMS, they are able to convert more of their shipments into Full TruckLoads (FTL), with only 4 percent now being shipped as LTL. With enhanced planning capabilities, Sargento can now plan multi-stop and multi-pickup routes consolidating on average four different customer orders per shipment, for optimal execution and further cost savings. Recommendations to improve transportation management system: Improve on missing functionalities and international carrier network There is no perfect transportation management system in the market.While IBM sterling TMS is a comprehensive solution, h owever it does have its own inadequacies due to its missing key functional pieces( fleet management, multileg international shipment planning/optimization and execution, and multicarrier parcel management). To improve on this, it could partner up with other providers whose strengths complement and make up for its missing functionalities to provide a more comprehensive one stop solution for clients like Sargento Foods. Sterling TMS' strength lies only in its North American carrier network and its functionality is incomplete for the most complex users.The lack of a comparable international carrier network holds it back in complex global TMS management which could affect clients i. e Sargento Foods should the the needs of the latter evolve with increasing complexity, requiring a complex global TMS management. Sterling TMS would have been more competitive in the marketplace if it can replicate the scale of its carrier network in international markets. Special carrier mobile application Sterling TMS gives its carriers the ability to update shipment status and tender requests using mobile devices.Since the power of a TMS is directly proportional to the expertise of its users, vehicle operators should be trained so that they possess the skills to extract the maximum value out of the TMS solution. TMS to add social media capabilities. The communities of carriers, shippers, 3PLs, suppliers and customers who are involved in transportation process can be connected via different mediums like facebook, twitter and also google+ by sending short messages and updating the status information. Dropbox can be used for sharing invoices and carrier credential documents. Siri for TMS.Since voice recognition is in use in the warehouse management, Sterling TMS too can also make use of this voice functionality rather than manual execution to conduct a search faster. However at present there is still room for improvement in voice search yielding precise results. Tapping into big data B eyond merely tendering the system, Sterling TMS can also further develop systems that utilise â€Å"big data† that is collected during the transportation process and stored in the TMS by imbedding business intelligence into TMS so as to analyse the data to identify key trends in the market in order to make informed business decisions.Business Intelligence Business Intelligence helps to understand transportation expenditure and allow causes of negative trends in costs and performance to be identified so that corrective actions can be taken and enable the opportunity costs between service and cost trade-offs of different transportation strategies and tactics to be evaluated. Sterling TMS makes use of performance dashboards which is useful but does not provide Sargento with any insight on how its performance compares against industry peers or the broader market. The data only reveals information at hat instant in time and is not embedded within the TMS, which limits the ability for users to leverage it. 3PLs and SaaS providers are in the best position to provide this missing link as they have a built-in network of shippers, carriers, and other trading partners that execute millions of transportation transactions annually through their operating platforms. Therefore, Sterling TMS hey can use all of this network data—such as rates, carrier performance, and transit times to develop a â€Å"transportation index† that gives companies visibility to market-level trends.They can then embed this index information within their TMS application and BI dashboard as LeanLogistics did with its â€Å"LeanDex Transportation Index’’. CH Robinson and Transplace too are exploring ways to leverage their network data and TMS business intelligence dashboards in a similar way. Similarly Sterling TMS can tap on business intelligence to provide more value add to clients like Sargento Foods. TMS vendors will go beyond execution In its 2011 Transportation Management Report, research firm Capgemini Consulting outlined the various components that make up the execution side—as opposed to the planning aspect—of a typical TMS. One of the biggest trends we’re seeing right now are TMS that are trying to be more than just execution systems,† says Chris Caplice, executive director at Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Center for Transportation and Logistics. â€Å"Basically, a TMS gathers the information on a load to be tendered and matches that data to a historical routing guide. Then it communicates to a carrier and manages the ensuing communication process† â€Å"The more advanced TMS is going beyond that and tapping into other information services and utilizing that data to help the shipper make the best possible decisions. If Sterling TMS can be connected directly into a market data benchmarking service that funnels data back to the system, this will positioning Sterling TMS to serve as mor e than just an execution feed. Customised software Transportation management systems offered by vendors like Sterling IBM should offer a flexible configuration that adapts to company’s unique strategies, network constraints and variables so that it is designed according to a company’s specific circumstances. With so many constraints and variables, transportation issues can’t be solved with a cookie cutter software that is generally used for all companies.Software designed should be personally customised for individual companies or may be customizable by users. The transportation management system should support a wide range of mathematical approaches, allowing the company to view the problem holistically and then constantly modify those approaches based on its current needs and requirements as the variables change. However, the cost of this may be higher and customisation would require the technical team in Sargento Foods to work togther with the software provid er to come up with a custom made software specifically designed for Sargento Foods.Also the assumption would be that employees of Sargento Foods would have the technical expertise to handle to complexities of the software. Instead this would increase the cost of implementation. While on demand solution (self service) is currently very popular and is functionality-driven; with the ability to deliver on all processes – from sourcing to planning to execution to costs auditing to reporting & analysis yet Only a few Transportation Management systems have the ability to execute with some functional depth in all areas.Therefore Sargento Foods would probably need to take into consideration whether IBM Sterling TMS has the ability and versatility to execute across all diverse functions through continuous review of KPIs and performance reviews as well as whether they are able to continuously meet performance targets. As circumstances and economic conditions are in a continual state of flux, a system that may be applicable now may beoutdated very soon unless continual updates and improvements to the systems are made.Sterling TMS has to continually invest in its TMS solution to ensure that it stays ahead of its competitors. Sargento Foods should also constantly monitor and tune its strategies to address changes in its networks, supply chain, market and customer demands and adapt its strategies to capitalize on market opportunities. Rather than just letting Sterling TMS solver run unattended, Sargento Foods must always look for ways to drive more value for their business by discussing with Sterling TMS should it outgrow its system.Managed TMS Some companies have discovered that investing in SaaS-based TMS reaped initial savings, but subsequent returns were not as rosy. The next stage in the development of TMS solutions, â€Å"is software plus consulting services, using a 3PL model. Should Sargento Foods adopt this new model,,it will be able to tap on the external e xpertise from the dedicated teams employed by a TMS provider often stationed permanently on-site and acting as an extension of the client’s staff.These individuals act as quasi-employees of Sargento Foods, Their relationship with Sargento Foods is ongoing and team members represent the client firm in various capacities. For instance , they are involved in customer meetings providing routine analyses and expert advice. The advantage of this is that the service provider( of the Managed TMS) has planners that do not have to go through a planning period before becoming effective as opposed to the traditional 3PL and secondly shippers like Sargento Foods do not have to worry about degradation in their planning capabilities if a key employee leaves the company.Some customers recognize that in Managed TMS they have a partner that can provide a totally integrated transportation management program—from brokerage through to execution and optimization in a one- stop solution. Sar gento FOods may consider managed TMS solution and outsourcing its transportation management and operations to a dedicated team from a service provide. this would perhaps more effectively optimise the usage of its TMS solution. Conclusion In conclusion, Sargento Foods would better manage its transportation were the above mentioned functions adopted. For instance, improving on missing unctionalities and international carrier network; using special carrier mobile application and social media capabilities; Siri for TMS, taping into big data, using business intelligence and analytics; going beyond execution and tapping into other information services, utilizing that data to help the shipper make the best possible decision; peronally customising software design for Sargento Foods; constantly monitoring and tuning its strategies to address changes in its networks, supply chain, market and customer demands and adapt its strategies to capitalize on market opportunities.Rather than just letti ng Sterling TMS solver run unattended, Sargento Foods must always look for ways to drive more value for their business by discussing with Sterling TMS should it outgrow its system. Subsequently it could consider switching to managed TMS should it require expertise from supply chain and transportation management to better optimise its operations.

Economic Development Of The Asian Tigers Essay - 835 Words

Introduction: The following countries South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong also commonly known as Asian Tigers were considered to be a part of the third world. Two different Scholars (Harvey and Lee) rather unkindly refer to it as â€Å"economic backwardness† yet the Tigers still stand as rare examples of states which have successfully â€Å"developed† in a manner no one could have predicted fifty years ago and at a considerably faster rate than any of our current efforts at third world development seem to be proceeding. Discussion: How Economists this about Economic Growth: Before examining the economic development of the Asian Tigers, it is important to identify the theoretical framework in which they might sit. Models for economic development are as varied as there are development economists, but at the risk of sacrificing diversity for ease of analysis we can broadly identify three distinctive models. These three models are less cohesive blueprints and more categories of development policy broadly derived from neo-liberal, Keynesian and heterodox economic traditions respectively, which for our purposes we can identify as market led, interventionalist and state-led models for economic growth. The Case Study of successful state led development: 1. South Korea: In 1945, South Korea was finally made independent from Japanese rule, only to be placed immediately under the USA military occupation. The long awaited autonomy it achieved was rapidly overshadowed by the Korean WarShow MoreRelatedAsian Tigers Vs. South Korea1473 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The Asian tigers are four countries named Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These states were highly developed countries. These countries were the first states that shifted to industrialization. All the four Asian tigers have a lot of people who are very educated and are perfect in undertaking their tasks. These countries developed and implemented different policies and this result in economic prosperity and tried to do them than any other state. For instance, Hong KongRead More‘The global economy has moved on from the Asian Tigers; the present and the future of the global economy now lie elsewhere.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? (40 marks)1421 Words   |  6 Pages‘The global economy has moved on from the Asian Tigers; the present and the future of the global economy now lie elsewhere.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? (40 marks) The Asian Tigers, consisting of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, were the second group of countries to develop after World War II, with the first being Japan. The Asian Tigers were able to develop due to a combination of comparative advantages, including partially existing developed levels of infrastructureRead MoreAsian Tigers Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ It is evident that the global economy has moved on from the Asian Tigers and the present and future of the global economy does in fact lie elsewhere, in particular India and China.   The Asian Tigers are a group of countries which are the first set of NIC s; Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea. They underwent rapid development in the 1960 s by encouraging TNC s to invest by opening up manufacturing plants by offering cheap labour and less strict pollution laws. TNC s also had the advantageRead MoreThe World Regional Geography Textbook1151 Words   |  5 Pagesinterregional and worldwide linkages and the changes these linkages are bringing about (pg. 30). Globalization has had a mainly positive impact on people around the world, however there have also been negative impacts, too. It affects the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of the world positively and negatively. Politically, globalization started mostly because of colonization which also helped shape the world today. The positive side of colonization is that many countries and regionsRead MoreThe Asian Financial Crisis and Thailand: Catalyst for Change...or More of The Same? 1647 Words   |  7 Pagessustaining rapid economic growth. What took Europe almost a century, the East Asian tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan) and the newly industrializing economies (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand) accomplished in a matter of decades, which led many to believe in an East Asian miracle. However, in 1997 Thailand became the first country swept into an economic crisis that spread throughout the region within months. Why did Thailand unexpectedly fall into a rapid economic crisis and howRead MoreEast Asian Tigers2075 Words   |  9 PagesAssignment 3 British English Can one tame a tiger? - The extensive growth of South East Asian Economies - Introduction A tiger economy is a name given to a region or country which undergoes a heavy and fast economic growth. This usually also leads to rising living standards. This term was first applied to South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Since the 1960s, these four countries are known as the East Asian Tigers. Later on more Tiger Economies emerged, but this essay will focusRead MoreAsian Rim Region Report : Geography And Demography1010 Words   |  5 PagesPacific Ocean.(Wojtan, Linda S.) The Pacific Rim roughly overlaps with the geologic Pacific Ring of Fire. This region report is focusing on the East Asia, and Southeast Asia, or Asian Pacific. East Asia can be defined either in geographical and cultural. Geographically, it covers about 12,000,000 km2, or about 28% of the Asian continent, about 15% bigger than the area of Europe. East Asia is one of the world s most populated places, with more than 1.5 billion people, about 38% of the population ofRead MoreAmy Chuas The Battle Hymn Of Tiger Mother1573 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication skills, having intuition, and so much more. Everyone has a different sense as to how they demonstrate leadership; whether it be within the household, the workplace, or even in politics; we see it everywhere. In Amy Chua’s, The Battle Hymn of Tiger Mother, she demonstrates her leadership qualities throughout her book in to how she chooses to raise her children vs. â€Å"western-style† of parenting. She takes on a very authoritarian style of parenting to which she demands arguably almost impossibleRead MoreThe United States Foreign Aid to Developing Countries: A Research Report16 79 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ideas of the Enlightenment: equality, opportunity, and universal-brotherhood. The U.S. is currently the worlds leader in foreign aid to developing countries. It gives foreign aid to such countries in order to promote political stability and economic prosperity, a natural interest for any global hegemon. This aid comes in the form of money, food, humanitarian work, and military assistance. The countries who receive the foreign aid certainly need assistance, but do not always use the aid wiselyRead More Asian Crisis Essay examples746 Words   |  3 Pagesdeclines in the currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices of a number of Asian countries. It is hard to understand what these declines will actually do to the world market. This decline is expected to halve the rate of world growth in 1998 from the four percent that was projected pre-crisis to an estimated outcome of about 2 percent. The countries that are included in the East Asian crisis, known as quot;Tigerquot; economies, are Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines

Essay about Salvador Dali and Alice In Wonderland

In 1969, Salvador Dali, a surrealist painter and admirer of Sigmund Freud, appropriated John Tenniel’s illustrations for Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland. Often expressing the capacity of dreams and imagination, Dali and Carroll become linked together as the center of surrealist concerns. Both men create a world where logic and reality get twisted creating an alternative universe. Dali’s expression of Alice, in a realm of unconscious, brings forward the idea of Freudian understanding. Dali’s strong use of color and symbolism in his works, while understanding Freudian Principles, represent Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland just as well as if not better than Tenniel’s illustrations. Dali’s works bring forth the idea of automatism, which†¦show more content†¦In all twelve illustrations, those provided by Dali, Alice is a simulacrum. The simulacrum, â€Å"an insubstantial form or semblance of something†, of Alice is a black silhouette jumping a rope which symbolizes the idea of paranoia and madness in wonderland (Encyclopedia Britannica). Dali’s repetitive us of Alice in each illustration further pushes the idea of paranoia. This gives a sense of being followed and creates hostility just as Alice had created between her and the other characters. Dali’s simulacrum of Alice is important because of its ability to represent wonderlands madness, as the Cheshire cat states, â€Å"we’re all mad here. I’m Mad. Your Mad†(Carroll, 58). In comparison Tenniel’s illustrations of Alice change slightly in appearance and each new appearance brings new expression. When looking at figures one and two we can see how each appearance of Alice changes in meaning. Figure one is the queen of hearts yelling at Alice and the illustration displays Alice standing upright, almost in a thinking pose curious to whom this queen is. This figure expresses Alice’s curiosity and her willingness to talk to those she doesn’t know. In figure two, cards attacking Alice, there is a complete change of expression. This figure shows Alice being courageous and standing up to her fears. The image shows the maturity of Alice over time throughout the twisted universe of wonderland. Although Tenniel’sShow MoreRelatedLewis Carroll: A Brief Biography785 Words   |  3 Pageseffecting Carroll both personal and professional. (Lewis Carroll Timeline. Shmoop. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2013.) Lewis Carroll’s influences were influenced by children, but more specifically Alice Liddell, the daughter of the dean of Oxford. Wrote the Alice stories for her and hence the name Alice. Interested in children, not specifically boys, influenced his writing. His mathematical background may have influenced his writing. Logical deposition, abnormal eating, dual personality, sleepingRead MoreThe Dada Art Movement During World War I1272 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresented feelings in a dreamlike reality to free the mind from limitations of nationalism corresponding to the things we see when we shut our eyes and drift to further unknown places. Many essential Dadaist (Max Ernst) became surrealist artist but Salvador Dali was largely well-known Their artwork was notorious for being bizarre, conjuring the idea of dream analysis by combining diverse entities within the same framework which produced illogical surreal art. This new manner of expression calledRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesfilippo marinetti (1876-1944) when he published the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909 * broke free of the use of horizontal and vertical planes for typography * omitting capital letters, punctuation, and the use of varied word spacing * ex. Alice in Wonderland used descending type sizes and pictoral shape to construct a mouses tail Gillaume Apollinaire - Il Pleut MANIFESTO OF THE FUTURIST PAINTERS umberto boccioni (1882-1916) carlo carrà   (1881-1966) luigi russolo (1885-1947) giacomo balla

Sapir-Worf Hypothesis Linguistic Determinism and...

Sapir-Worf Hypothesis: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity The romantic idealism of the late eighteenth century, as encountered in the views of Johann Herder (1744-1803) and Wilhelm von Humboldt (I 762-1835), placed great value on the diversity of the world’s languages and cultures. The tradition was taken up by the American linguist and anthropologist Edward Sapir (1884-1939) and his pupil Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941), and resulted in a view about the relation between language and thought which was widely influential in the middle decades of this century. The â€Å"Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,† as it came to be called, combines two principles. The first is known as linguistic determinism: it states that language determines the†¦show more content†¦In Hopi, there is one word (masa’ytaka) for everything that flies except birds-- which would include insects, airplanes, and pilots. This seems alien to someone used to thinking in English, but, Whorf argues, it is no stranger than English-speakers having one word for ma ny kinds of snow, in contrast to Eskimo, where there are different words for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed hard like ice, slushy snow (cf. English slush), and so on. In Aztec, a single word (with different endings) covers an even greater range of English notions--snow, cold, and ice. When more abstract notions are considered (such as time, duration, velocity), the differences become yet more complex: Hopi, for instance, lacks a concept of time seen as a dimension; there are no forms corresponding to English tenses, but there are a series of forms which make it possible to talk about vari- ous durations, from the speaker’s point of view. It would be very difficult, Whorf argues, for a Hopi and an English physicist to understand each other’s thinking, given the major differences between the languages. Examples such as these made the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis very plausible; but in its strongest form it is unlikely to have any adherents now. The fact that suc cessful translations between languages can be made is a major argument against it, as is the fact that the conceptual

Describe Sexual and Gender Identity, the Distinction Between Them Free Essays

In physiological side, the sex identity is regarding the appearance of the external sex organs at the birth of an infant. Hence, the sex identity of boy or girl is usually straight forward related to biological. On the other hand, the gender identity is more complicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe Sexual and Gender Identity, the Distinction Between Them or any similar topic only for you Order Now It cannot be focus on biological process and it may affect by many aspects. Firstly, the behavior of males and females always affect by different culture and society. Each culture has their own sex roles standards and can change as time goes on. For example, there is big difference viewpoint when we look at a transvestist nowadays. We can accept this is a trendy and they are fashionable. Even though many parents can gradually accept their son or daughter is a transgender, they will try their best to lead their children in the appropriate sex roles from infancy stage. Girl must wear dress in pink and play with their â€Å"Barbie† doll. Whereas, boy must play with their car or transformers toys. Also boy should be stronger than girl and protect them always. Crying is for girl only. Hence, the major influences on the child’s adoption of typical masculine or typical feminine are their parents’ attitudes. In general, tomboy is easier to accept by people than effeminate behavior for boys. The sex-roles of cultures that are radically different from our own. According to Margaret Mead’s studying of three tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchambuli, she found that few sex role differences in the Arapesh and the Mundugumor. The males and females of the Arapesh were passive, gentle and co-operative. The Mundugumor were aggressive, restrictive and fierce. The Tchambuli appeared to be a complete reversal of the typical male and female sex-roles as we know them. The women were independent and aggressive whilst the men were considered sentimental and emotional. Such finding indicated a great deal of cultural and social influences on the child’s formation of either male or female. By learning theory, the acquisition of gender roles was by teaching rather than biological. Bandura, the social learning theorist, believe that sex appropriate behaviors are learned like the other behaviors. They are both via imitation and reinforced by parents. Non-appropriate behaviors is not allowed or actively discouraged. From the infant was born, their parents started to instil sex appropriate behaviors consciously and unconsciously. Goldberg and Lewis in 1969 studying 32 girls and 32 boys with their mothers, they found that the emergence of sex-typed behaviors by the age of 13 months and indicated links between these sex-appropriate behaviors and the way in which these toddlers had been treated by their mothers. At the result, greater dependency on their mother which was showed by the girls at 13 months was due to the differences in handling at 6 months. Hence, it appears that early differences in handling may contribute to the emergence of sex-typed behavior. Some theorist believe that the biological factors still can explain why a child adopts a specific gender roles through two main ways. One is the effects of hormones and the other is the lateralisation of brain functions. Young and his associates used monkey for testing. They injected pregnant monkeys with testosterone (a male hormone) early in their pregnancy. They found that female offspring had some genital abnormalities and showed types of social behavior which were more characteristic of male monkeys. Later testing the female monkeys injected testosterone after birth but before puberty, they become much more assertive, and even becoming very powerful. From another theorist, John Money, he matched pairs of hermaphrodites, he concluded that it is the socially imposed identity which is the accepted one though there does appear to be a critical period between 18 months and 3 years after which sexual reassignment is unwise. Regard to the lateralisation of brain functions, two hemispheres of the brain specialize in different functions. In general, the left hemisphere is concerned with processing verbal material while the right hemisphere deals with spatial information. The other theorist, Bryden found that men are more specialised than women. That means men are more vulnerable to the effects of brain damage than women. For example, if a woman suffers damage to the left hemisphere she is less likely to suffer language impairment than a man with similar damage. Similarly, if a woman suffers damage to the right hemisphere she is less likely to show spatial problems than a man. As a result, the specialisation of the two hemispheres of the brain seem to indicate that some sex differences are inate. How to cite Describe Sexual and Gender Identity, the Distinction Between Them, Essay examples

Illuminating Renaissance Obscurities

Question: Discuss about the Illuminating Renaissance Obscurities. Answer: Introduction Music was an indispensable part of religious, civic, and courtly life in the Renaissance (1400-1600). The change and interchange of rich ideas in Europe, including political, economic, as well as, religious events led to the development of new music composing ideas and styles. Major changes were observed in the methods, styles, and composing of publicized music, distinct music genres, and the development of musical instruments. Composers moved away from biblical, numerical, complicated, academic and symbolism elitism into immediacy and simplicity for the mass enjoyment. Before the music was considered for the rich patrons of Northern Italian Court, but the new music was for masses to understand. The most important music that was composed in the early Renaissance was for the use of churches. Polyphonic Masses which was made from several simultaneous melodies and motets which were for the important churches and court chapels. However, by the end of the sixteenth-century patronage was d ivided into many areas like Protestant churches, Catholic churches, and courts. This was the era which gave importance to the music instruments and the instrumental music. Instrumental music and instrument before this era were just a part of singing, but this era gave identification to the instrumental music, and it became famous. This essay throws light on the changes that happened, what were the reasons and how they happened. This will give an idea about the Renaissance music and the changes that took place in that time in the music and poetic taste of Northern Italian Courts. The change that came in the Renaissance period Vocal music was considered as the king of music before the Renaissance, but the instrumental music came to a rise in the 16th century. The composers of Renaissance period wrote music to vitalize the emotion and meaning of the text. They often referred musical representation of specific human emotions as a painting. In the Renaissance period, most of the music was played and sung from memory of the performers, due to that little vocal music survived. Instrumental music was easy to change into notification and was kept safe in text form. This attracted performers towards the instrumental music. The Renaissance Courts of Northern Italy were the wealthiest and most sophisticated courts of Europe that attracted innovative performers and artists who created pieces of remarkable beauty. The performers used to come and perform in the courts which gave artists favourable contracts and social prestige. Their performance was displayed lavishly and given elite status. People with innovative musi c used to come and perform in the courts which increased the importance of instrumental music. Before Renaissance period the music was limited to the elite class only, but in the Renaissance period music became for masses. From churches, the music moved to the courts. For educated people, knowledge of music was considered important. It became a part of every household. Renaissance means rebirth, and it is not wrong to say that this era gave rebirth to instrumental music. The statement is justified by Donald McComb and M Todd as they says that with the time the instrumental music began to survive in large quantities; especially the vocal works were transpired into instrumental forms for example, Buxheimer Orgelbuch (c.1450-c.1470). He also specifies that many instruments were brought into use in the Renaissance time like organ, harpsichord and clavichord that appeared in the 15th century, modern instruments like Alta Capella and Bassa Capella, and folk instruments like Shawns, Bagpipes, and Trumpets became common. The change was observed from the early Renaissance period as the famous writer John Aravosis says in his article that the performers and artists gradually dropped using the complex devices of isorhythm and extreme syncopation which resulted in more flowing and limpid style of music. He says that though the rhythmic complexity was lost from the music, it gained the rhythmic vitality, which developed as the prominent feature of mid-century. Next change was experienced in the middle of the Renaissance era that was between the years 1437-1564. According toElroy Nazareth, with the end of the fifteenth century, once again complexity was found in the polyphonic sacred music. It was compared with the painting with stunning details in that time. Then again in the early 16th century a change was experienced, and simplification was found in the degrees of music. The late Renaissance era was the grandest and most impressive era for music. To justify it an article was published that states that the years 1534 to 1600, were the best years for Europe as an impressive style polychoral were developed that gave some of the sonorous and grandest music compositions of that time. This music composition spread all over the Europe in the coming years. A group of composers Roman School were found in the chapels and composed the church music in Rome. This group won a lot of fame during counter-reformation. This was the time when the intense emotional expression was given a form of music and song text. So over all the authors justify the change of music trend that took place in the Renaissance era. Changes are an important aspect of all the approaches. Renaissance saw that how the music composers moved away from biblical, academic, numerical, symbolism elitism into immediacy and simplicity. The changes were enjoyed by the masses. The rebirth of classical Roman and Greek ideas gave composers newness and creativity through the variations in the music within the Motet, the chanson, and the cycle mass (Bevington 2012). Though difficulties were found when defining the beginning of the Renaissance, the clear definition included the birth or rebirth of music. Performers started using more and more instrument in their performance, as it was in the text form and easy to recognise, improvise, and rectify. The change that came in the style and trend that was being followed was the increase of reliance on the interval of the third as a consonance and it became one of the most pronounced features of early European art music in the Renaissance time. The music of Renaissance period and change s that took place in that time can be broadly divided into three sections (Brooks 2016). Those sections were the Early Renaissance music that happened in the year 1400-1467. The years of early Renaissance music saw a change in complexity. More simplified music was developed, and performers started giving importance to the instruments in the composition of the music. The second part was the mid-Renaissance period that was from 1467 to 1534. This was the time when the genre of scared music was in peak and music was performed in the churches and courts. This was also the time when music which was taken only for the elites was introduced to the masses. The compositions that were getting composed were for the masses (Bujic 2004). Though again a bit of complexity in the compositions was developed during this era, but again by the end of 15th-century, simplified complexity was found in the notation of music compositions. This was also the time when instruments became an important part of m usic. It found a new identity as the printing brought attraction towards it. The third part of the Renaissance music was the late Renaissance music era which was from 1534 to 1600 this was the time when music was at its best. Beautiful compositions were getting developed, and more and more talented performers busied themselves in creating grandest pieces of music using vocal and instruments. The changes were not only limited to the use of instruments and development of the instrumental music. There was a change in style and trend of the music; the genres were different, and theory and notation also changed. The change in style and trend was that Polyphony which was in vogue in the 12th century again its publicity increased in the 15th century. It became the elaboration of highly independent voices. The modal characteristics of Renaissance music began to change and towards the end of the period it broke-down and the use of root motions of fifths increased. This turned to be the defining characteristics of the tonality. The genres used in the Renaissance period were the mass, the madrigal spiritual, he motet, and the laude. Secular music widely spread with a variety as printing made the distribution of music easy and made the survival of music easy. Frottola, chanson, and madrigal were the few voice forms that were included in the secular music. Along with them secular voc al genres included the canzonetta, the villanelle, the villotta, the villancio, and the lute songs. Purely instrumental music was recorded and included consort music, other instruments, and dances. The common genres were the ricecar, intabulation, the toccata, the canzone, and the prelude. When used for dance the instrumental ensembles might play a pravane, a basse danse, an allemande, a galliard, or a courante. Towards the end of the era, the monody, the intermedio, and the madrigal comedy were seen that was the dramatic precursors of opera. In theory and notation there were many changes that took place. The notations of the Renaissance period were under-perspective by the current standard. The translation of those notations in the modern form distorted the original openness of the notation. The compositions of the Renaissance era also saw the change and notation were done only in individual parts in which score were very rare, and the use of barlines was not there. These were the major changes that were found in the music in Renaissance period performed in the courts of northern Italy. The changes experienced were welcomed by the masses and music got a new definition in Renaissance era. Every change that takes place is due to reason. Here also the reasons were there that brought major changes in the music of Renaissance period and made it the grandest era of music. The music was considered to be holy and very important for the educated people in the Pre-Renaissance era. It was basically for the churches and the elite as there were no way to keep the words safe. The performers used to perform through their memory or even improvise during the performance. It was not easy for everyone to understand the music performed and the relation was limited to the enjoyment. Instruments were not considered important, and they just acted as a part of the performance. When in the 15th-century printing was developed, the music notations especially the instrumental which was easy to change into notations started spreading widely. Change in the use of instruments was found and instruments found, a new worth for themselves. When it started reaching the masses, more compositions started coming from talented composers and performers.Every composition was different from the regular ones, and the change continued. Performers stared earning a new status in the courts and music got new definition. Efforts were made to bring the best music out for performances, concerts, dances, and singing. The change that happened during the Renaissance period regarding the music, instruments, genres, notations, and style is regarded as the best change for the music. Though this is also true that medieval period does not survive due to the lack of resources to keep it safe and thus its grandeur is not experienced and researched by the historians, but the Renaissance music development has a unique place in the music history. Renaissance music was a welcomed change in the music history. Though, this was also true that the previous music history was not kept as securely as the Renaissance music history. The Renaissance period gave a base to the music to develop and explore the new ideas and experiments. When the masses got included in the development, new ideas came into existence. Choices derived exploration and experimentation of music. The reflection of the Renaissance music can be seen in the present times also. When music moved from churched to courts, it gave a chance to masses to understand and love the music which was before out of their reach. It was still a sacred thing and considered to be holy and valued by the people. But the change was in the number of people that had access to the music. Few noted, and popular composers of the Renaissance era were Josquin desPrez, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, Thomas Weelkes, Andrea Gabrieli, Carlo Gesualdo, Luca Marenzio, Girolamo Diruta, Thomas Robinson, and Arnold de Lantins. These were the few famous composers that performed in the courts of northern Italy and brought laurels to the music and the talent they had in them. Conclusion Music plays a very important role in everyone life. The music what is today was not yesterday, but it was beautiful in all the times. Renaissance period is known to be one of the grandest eras in the music history. Before Renaissance period the music was limited to the elites and riches, this era brought music out of the churches, and it entered the courts where it received new social prestige and position. Composers stared using instruments and instrumental music earned its position in the music genres. There were many changes that were experienced in the style and trend of music in the Renaissance period. The sacred-secular music became the genre of the music. The notions were changed and recoded with the help of newly developed printing machines. This not only helped in theorising the notations and keeping it safe but also able to spread the music to the wide number of people. It brought a mannerism in the music that was continued in the Baroque era. The courts welcomed the change in the music, and it was spread with their help all along the population. In the end, the essay concludes that it was the courts like Northern Italian Courts that gave the music a new platform to perform and develop. It gave it a chance to experiment and that resulted in the greatest era of music in the Music history that was the Renaissance Period. The change of the taste of music and poetry helped in bringing the instruments and instrumental music into formal existence. Bibliography Allinson, D. "Illuminating Renaissance Obscurities".Early Music36, no. 3 (2008): 478-482. doi:10.1093/em/can085. Babington, A. L. "European Renaissance Music".Early Music39, no. 2 (2011): 281-283. doi:10.1093/em/car029. Bevington, David. "Recent Trends In Editing Of Renaissance Drama Anthologies".Renaissance Drama40, no. 1 (2012): 91-100. doi:10.1353/rnd.2012.0017. Brooks, Jeanice. "Gossiping To Music In Sixteenth-Century France".Renaissance Studies30, no. 1 (2016): 17-38. doi:10.1111/rest.12200. Bujic, B. 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